How to be an
outstanding communicator
by MARTIN SHOVEL
The message from recruitment agencies, employer surveys and the like is
familiar, loud and clear: you must be an outstanding communicator if you want
to get to the top of your profession. Technical audit skills and practical
experience are, of course, essential, but they will only take you so far up the
greasy pole; to make it those extra few slippery feet to the very top you’re
going to have to find a way of transforming yourself from a good communicator
into an outstanding one.
Keep it simple
Outstanding communicators distinguish themselves by the way they use
language. The first thing that strikes you when you listen to an outstanding
communicator speak is the simplicity of their language: they use words you can
understand in a way that makes it easy to follow what they’re saying.
But simple is hard, and takes courage. It takes courage because it goes
against the grain of workplace communications. In organisations, language is
often used as a protective veil whose main purpose is to cover the speaker’s
back rather than enlighten their audience. A concoction of jargonistic words
arranged into convoluted sentences is an effective way of covering up ideas
that are half-baked, obvious, or trivial.
Many people mistakenly equate this kind of overcomplicated,
difficult-to-follow language with cleverness. The following example – though
satirical – makes the point:
“Undue multiplicity of personnel
assigned either concurrently or consecutively to a single function involves
deterioration of quality in the resultant product as compared with the product
of the labor of an exact sufficiency of personnel.” Masterson,
J. and Brooks Phillips, W., Federal Prose, 1948, Chapel Hill, University of North
Carolina
What effect does language like this have? It intimidates, it excludes,
it frustrates, and, ultimately, it wastes time (and therefore money!). It
embodies everything that is the antithesis of outstanding communication. It is
puffed up, self-serving – and, in the final analysis, like the emperor’s new
clothes it leaves its author looking naked and foolish. Translated into the
language of clarity and simplicity, the same gobbledygook becomes:
“Too many cooks spoil the broth.”
Beyond plain English
Clear, plain English is an essential part of good communication. It is
the language of instructions that are easy to follow, intelligible contracts,
and business letters that read as if they’ve been written by an articulate and
sympathetic human, not a machine. But outstanding communicators, although
masters of plain English, come into their own when they move beyond it.
Clear explanation is the forte of the good communicator. But clear
explanation alone isn’t going to be enough to persuade people to vote for you,
or to inspire them to follow you into the heat of battle. You need something
more: you need to be able to communicate in a way that appeals not just to
minds, but to hearts as well. When Barack Obama began his bid for the US presidency
in 2007 he was a rank outsider, an unknown. It was the power of his oratory
that opened the doors of the White House to him. Writing back in 2008, The New
Yorker’s George Packer wrote that, moments after listening to Obama’s New Hampshire campaign
speech, “the speech dissolved into pure feeling, which stayed with me for
days.”
Warming up your language
Modern neuroscience has demonstrated conclusively that we feel our way
into decisions. Numerous case studies have shown that people with damage to the
parts of their brain responsible for emotional reactions are unable to make
decisions at all. It seems that the rational mind working by itself dithers
endlessly as it weighs up the various possible reasons for taking one course of
action rather than another.
So, to be an outstanding communicator you have to begin by engaging
people’s feelings. Once people care about what you’re saying, you have their
attention. And the key to making people care is your choice of words. Words are
the wrapping for your communications, and if you want your audience to unwrap
what you say, you need to warm up your language.
The notion that words can be warm or cold might sound strange, but let’s
test it out by returning to the piece of gobbledygook I quoted earlier. Like a
lot of organisational speak, it’s crammed full of long words of Latin origin:
words like ‘multiplicity’, ‘personnel’, ‘assigned’, ‘concurrently’ and so on –
I‘m sure you get the drift.
Imagine for a moment that you’re at a friend’s party and you find
yourself chatting with someone you’ve never met before, over a glass of wine.
How would you feel if your new acquaintance (another Latinate word) spoke to
you using long Latinate words. I suspect that, like most other people, you’d
experience him as distant, cold and, given the context, weird.
But what makes ‘friend’ a warmer word than ‘acquaintance’, and ‘many’ a
warmer word than ‘multiplicity’? Well, here’s a clue: say the word
‘acquaintance’ to a young child and they’ll give you a blank look. But follow
it with the word ‘friend’ and their eyes will light up as the word conjures up
an image of someone they love.
Words like ‘friend’, ‘cook’, and ‘dog’ are common everyday words; and,
like most common everyday words, their origins lie in Old, and Middle, English.
These also happen to be the first words we learn as children – they mark our
entry into the realm of language, and verbal communication. Our relationship to
them is a visual one, because our first encounter with them is one of pointing,
touching or physically interacting with the thing they represent. They embody
that magical moment when things become words.
Visual language
By contrast, words of Latinate origin are latecomers to the English
language party – both historically, and in the language acquisition of an
individual. This explains why a word like ‘dog’ brings to mind an image, while
a word like ‘canine’ probably doesn’t. Outstanding communicators favour words
of English origin because they are warm and visual – they help other people
‘see’ what you mean.
A quotation ascribed to Winston Churchill offers a good rule of thumb
for choosing warm, visual words: “broadly speaking, the short words are the
best, and the old words best of all.” It’s no accident that the final lines
from one of Churchill’s most famous and stirring speeches (“we shall fight on
the beaches”) is full of “old words” – “beaches”, “landing grounds”, “fields”,
“streets” and “hills”.
The multisensory power of
concrete language
Latinate words are cold and abstract; Old English words are warm and
concrete. Concrete words aren’t just visual, they are multisensory – they
engage all our senses. When Churchill used words like “beaches” and “fields”,
he knew that they would invoke a variety of sensory responses in his audience:
the sight of the sand and the azure blue sky; the sound of the waves lapping on
the seashore and the shriek of the gulls; the smell of the sea; the salty taste
on their tongue; and the feeling of warm grains of sand on the soles their
feet.
Advertisers constantly exploit the power of multisensory concrete
language. They don’t try to sell us just any old generic chicken. No, it’s not
just chicken: they tell us it’s actually farm-reared, organic, golden Wiltshire
farm chicken. Carefully selected picture words like these are designed to give
us an experience – one that appeals to our tastebuds and stomachs, as well as
our intellects.
Outstanding communicators don’t tell, they show. Statistics are
abstractions that leave us cold. If you want to bring home the full horror of a
natural disaster, you don’t talk about the thousands of people who have
perished, and the unimaginable scale of the humanitarian disaster visited upon
those who’ve survived. Instead, you put the disaster into a human context by
making it concrete, and you do this by focusing on the story of a single family.
Story and metaphor
Study after study shows that people are very poor at understanding risk.
And disasters like the financial meltdown and the BP oil spill raise the
question of just how effective risk experts are at communicating what they know
about risk to non-specialists. Outstanding communicators understand the limits
of statistical data – they know that in most instances it just goes over the
heads of a lay audience.
The most effective way of communicating risk is to get people to feel
it, and the way to do this is to use story and metaphor to create an
imaginative experience of what the risk is like – one that make sense in terms
of what people already understand. To most lay people, a statistic like: 50
million acres of rainforest are cut down every year, doesn’t mean too much. It
doesn’t sound good, but it’s far too abstract for a non-specialist to grasp.
Most people don’t know what an acre looks like, and they certainly have
no experience of quantities as large as 50 million. On hearing a statistic like
this neither their brains nor their emotions are engaged. So the chances of
keeping their attention are slim at best. Al Gore faced the problem of
communicating this statistic in his campaign to save the rainforest, and being
an outstanding communicator he chose to dramatise the statistics by
transforming them into a story-like metaphor.
This is how he did it:
“We lose one acre of rainforest every second. Imagine a giant invader
from space with football-field sized feet, clomping across the rainforests of
the world – going boom, boom, boom every second. Would we react? Well, that’s
essentially what’s going in the rainforests right now!”
Putting it all together
Gore’s transformation of a dry statistic into a story metaphor that
helps people experience as well as understand the enormity of the situation,
exemplifies all the elements that make an outstanding communicator. From the
outset, Gore doesn’t allow his expertise to act as a barrier between himself
and his audience – after all, the word “communication” originates from a Latin
word meaning “to share”.
Rather than blinding them with science, he puts himself into his
audience’s shoes and looks for a way of helping them understand what they don’t
know (the statistic) in terms of something they’re familiar with (football
fields and B movies about invaders from space). He uses familiar, short,
concrete, visual words – and he makes the simple complex without compromising
its integrity.
So the key to transforming yourself into an outstanding communicator is
to make your language as visual and concrete as possible. And the best way of
doing this is to heed Churchill’s advice and go for short, everyday words,
rather than difficult-to-understand long ones. Always think carefully about who
you’re speaking to, and never allow your expertise to shroud your message in
fog. Finally, use story and metaphor to bring what you say to life – and always
remember that outstanding communicators move hearts as well as minds.
(This article was published in
August 2010 in
the Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors’ magazine. Shortly after it
appeared, the IIA’s Keith Labbett – Head of Audit at British Waterways –
invited us to give a two hour interactive plenary session on ‘Outstanding
Communications’ to the IIA’s South West Conference, which we did on 12th May
2011. Delegates loved our session and found it both stimulating and
practical. We could do something similar for your conference, so please
get in touch if you’d like to talk things over.)
